1.    I have never been so insulted before! (Never)
2.    I had just got into bed when there was a knock at the door. (No sooner)
3.    I never said I would work extra hours. (At no time)
4.    I not only enjoy classical films but I also like modern cinema.
5.    I only understood the problem then.
6.    The teacher only commented on the situation after he had understood it.
7.    He has seldom seen anything stranger.
8.    He knew little about I.T.
9.    I didn’t know he was a compulsive liar. (Little)
10.    She doesn’t know they are throwing a surprise party for her. (Little)
11.    As soon as I arrived at the front door, I realized I had lost my keys.
12.    She didn’t say a single word. (Not)
13.    We will not have a long weekend until the 20th of February.
14.    I only realized I had already seen that film after it had started.
15.    The matter could be explained in no other way.
16.    We had hardly started to walk when it began to rain.
17.    I have seldom heard such beautiful singing.
18.    I shall never forget your kindness.
19.    I saw only then the danger we were in.
20.    As soon as we left the burning car, it exploded.
21.    There are no circumstances in which audience members may consume alcohol.
22.    Nobody has won so many matches for his team since 1994.
23.    We won’t consider you for the basketball team until you grow up. (Not until)
24.    The gang didn’t know that the police had them under surveillance. (Little)
25.    You can’t use my car at any time. (At no time)
26.    They started arguing soon after they had got married. (No sooner)
27.    I wouldn’t wear a mini-skirt under any circumstances.
28.    I have seldom seen such an exciting football match.
29.    I had hardly arrived when Messi and Villa scored two goals.
30.    He let me enter the Press conference when I showed him my press pass.
31.    The players were only allowed to talk to the TV reporters when they had changed into smarter clothes.

(from: LOST IN TRANSLATION,  Charlie Croker, Arrow Books)

-TAIWAN:
If there is anything we can do to assist and help,
Please do not contact us.

-In the window of an Indian shop:
Why go somewhere else to be cheated
When you can come here?

-Sri Lanka
Do not use the diving board
When the swimming pool is empty.

-Sign outside Chinese store:
We try our best to decrease your life.

-    Notice in a dry-cleaner’s window in Bangkok, Thailand:
Drop your trousers here for the best results.

-    Laundry in Rome, Italy:
Ladies, leave your clothes here
And spend the afternoon having a good time.

-Store in Amman, Jordan:
Visit our bargain basement – one flight up.

-    Swedish furrier:
Fur coats made for ladies from their own skin.

-    Qatar:
Please do not use the lift when it is not working.

-Zurich, Switzerland:
We have nice bath and are very good in bed.

-Seoul:
Choose twin bed or marriage size;
We regret no King Kong size.

-Sign in the courtyard of a Barcelona hotel:
No automobiles, Pederosts only.

-    Tokyo, Japan:
Is forbidden to steal towels please.
If you are not person to do such thing
Is please not to read notis.

-Las Palmas, Canary Islands:
If you telephone for room service, you will get the answer you deserve.

-Hamburg, Germany:
It is our intention to pleasure you every day.

-    Tokyo:
Guests are requested not to smoke or do other disgusting behaviours in bed.

-Tapai, Taiwan:
If there is anything we can do to assist and help you,
Please do not contact us.

-    Guangdong, China:
We serve you with hostiality.

We invert the subject and auxiliary verb in the sentence to give emphasis. This happens:
1.    After certain expressions when they are at the beginning of a sentence.

Seldom

In / Under no circumstances
Rarely

Never
Scarcely (ever)… when    

Nowhere
Hardly (ever)… when    

Never before
No sooner… than    

Not only… but also
On no occasion    

In no way
Nor / Neither    

Not even once
On no account    

Only in this way
Little    

Barely

Rarely do we see him these days.
No sooner had we got into the house than he phoned us.

2.     When the following expressions begin a sentence, we use inversion in the main clause.
Only after, only by, only if, only when, not till / until, not since.

Only after he had graduated, did he start looking for a job.
Only if you invite her, will she come to your party.
Not until all tests had been completed, were we told the results.

1. The government has not only slashed expenses, but they have also raised taxes.

2. Rajoy had hardly been elected President when he had to travel to Germany.

3. The match had hardly started when El Guaje Villa broke his leg.

4. The cruise ship Costa Concordia had hardly started to sink when the captain abandoned it.

5. A captain must under no circumstances leave a sinking ship unattended.

6. The ship shouldn’t have travelled so close to the coast on any account.

7. The crew not only mishandled the emergency, but they also delayed the start of the evacuation.

8. There had never been such a serious accident off the Italian coast before.

9. As soon as Kim Jong Il died, his son was made President of North Korea.

10. The film The Skin I Live In has not only been nominated for the English BAFTA awards, but it may also be selected for the Oscars.

11. A silent film had never been made before in the XXI Century.

12. The Tunisian revolution had hardly finished when another revolution started in Egypt.

13. London has seldom celebrated so many anniversaries in a single year.

14. There will be Titanic exhibitions as well as exhibitions about the works by Dickens.

15. As soon as the news about the politician’s death came out, many people made comments on his life and work.

16. He not only decorated his house with public money, but he also made use of an NGO helping children with cancer to evade paying taxes.

17. He did not know that the scandal would be made public so soon.

18. You must not park under the Bank of Santander’s Arch in any circumstances.

19. You must do this exercise only in this way.

20. The economy will not suffer further pressures only if the measures adopted are correct.

21. There has not been such a recession since the seventies.

22. We did not know the exact results of the elections until the following morning.

23. You must only call me if your cold gets worse.

24. The Euro is held together only by fear.

25. We can only understand this period of history if we learn about its religious roots.

26. The little girl could only see the Christmas Parade by sitting on her father’s shoulders.

27. Cyber warfare policy will only be developed after a catastrophic event has occurred.

28. I didn’t realise I had left my umbrella in the classroom until I reached the school front door.

29. British economy will not be the biggest in Europe until 2050.

30. You won’t go out until I say so!

31. I can only relax when I am alone.

32. Some teens only use the library when they have to do research on school projects.

33. Reforms should be carried out only when the NHS is ready.

34. You will only understand the history of the region when you visit it.

35. Syria’s crisis can be settled only if the government lay down arms.

36. You are only allowed to buy cigarettes if you are old enough.

37. The government can only expropriate land if there is a genuine need.

38. London Olympics will not start until 27th of July.

39. Mankind has not been denied so much knowledge as it does today since the destruction of the Library of Alexandria.

40. So many election protesters had not been seen since the fall of the Soviet Union.

KEY

1. The government has not only slashed expenses, but they have also raised taxes.

NOT ONLY HAS THE GOVERNMENT SLASHED EXPENSES, BUT THEY HAVE ALSO RAISED TAXES.

2. Rajoy had hardly been elected President when he had to travel to Germany.

HARDLY HAD RAJOY BEEN ELECTED PRESIDENT WHEN HE HAD TO TRAVEL TO GERMANY.

3. The match had hardly started when El Guaje Villa broke his leg.

HARDLY HAD THE MATCH STARTED WHEN EL GUAJE VILLA BROKE HIS LEG.

4. The cruise ship Costa Concordia had hardly started to sink when the captain abandoned it.

HARDLY HAD THE SHIP CRUISE COSTA CONCORDIA STARTED TO SINK WHEN THE CAPTAIN ABANDONED IT.

5. A captain must under no circumstances leave a sinking ship unattended.

UNDER NO CIRCUMSTANCES MUST A CAPTAIN LEAVE A SINKING SHIP UNATTENDED.

6. The ship shouldn’t have travelled so close to the coast on any account.

ON NO ACCOUNT SHOULD THE SHIP HAVE TRAVELLED SO CLOSE TO THE COAST.

7. The crew not only mishandled the emergency, but they also delayed the start of the evacuation.

NOT ONLY DID THE CREW MISHANDLE THE EMERGENCY, BUT THEY ALSO DELAYED THE START OF THE EVACUATION.

8. There had never been such a serious accident off the Italian coast before.

NEVER BEFORE HAD THERE BEEN SUCH A SERIOUS ACCIDENT OFF THE ITALIAN COAST.

9. As soon as Kim Jong Il died, his son was made President of North Korea.

NO SOONER DID KIM JONG IL DIE THAN HIS SON WAS MADE PRESIDENT OF NEORTH KOREA.

10. The film The Skin I Live In has not only been nominated for the English BAFTA awards, but it may also be selected for the Oscars.

NOT ONLY HAS THE FILM THE SIKIN I LIVE IN BEEN NOMINATED FOR THE ENGLISH BAFTA AWARDS, BUT IT MAY ALSO BE SELECTED FOR THE OSCARS.

11. A silent film had never been made before in the XXI Century.

NEVER BEFORE IN THE XXI CENTURY HAS A SILENT FILM BEEN MADE.

12. The Tunisian revolution had hardly finished when another revolution started in Egypt.

HARDLY HAD THE TUNISIAN REVOLUTION FINISHED WHEN ANOTHER REVOLUTION STARTED IN EGYPT.

13. London has seldom celebrated so many anniversaries in a single year.

SELDOM HAS LONDON CELEBRATED SO MANY ANNIVERSARIES IN A SINGLE YEAR.

14. There will be Titanic exhibitions as well as exhibitions about the works by Dickens.

NOT ONLY WILL THERE BE TITANIC EXHIBITIONS, BUT ALSO EXHIBITIONS ABOUT THE WORKS BY DICKENS.

15. As soon as the news about the politician’s death came out, many people made comments on his life and works.

NO SOONER DID THE NEWS ABOUT THE POLITICIAN’S DEATH COME OUT THAN MANY PEOPLE MADE COMMENTS ON HIS LIFE AND WORKS.

16. He not only decorated his house with public money, but he also made use of an NGO helping children with cancer to evade paying taxes.

NOT ONLY DID HE DECORATE HIS HOUSE WITH PUBLIC MONEY, BUT HE ALSO MADE USE OF AN NGO HELPING CHILDREN WITH CANCER TO EVADE PAYING TAXES.

17. He did not know that the scandal would be made public so soon.

LITTLE DID HE KNOW THAT THE SCANDAL WOULD BE MADE PUBLIC SO SOON.

18. You must not park under the Bank of Santander’s Arch in any circumstances.

UNDER / IN NO CIRCUMSTANCES MUST YOU PARK YOUR CAR UNDER THE BANK OF SANTANDER’S ARCH.

19. You must do this exercise only in this way.

ONLY IN THIS WAY MUST YOU DO THIS EXERCISE.

20. The economy will not suffer further pressures only if the measures adopted are correct.

ONLY IF THE MEASURES ADOPTED ARE CORRECT, WILL THE ECONOMY NOT SUFFER FURTHER PRESSURES.

21. There has not been such a recession since the seventies.

NOT SINCE THE SEVENTIES HAS THERE BEEN SUCH A RECESSION.

22. We did not know the exact results of the elections until the following morning.

NOT UNTIL THE FOLLOWING MORNING DID WE KNOW THE EXACT RESULTS OF THE ELECTIONS.

23. You must only call me if your cold gets worse.

ONLY IF YOUR COLD GETS WORSE MUST YOU CALL ME.

24. The Euro is held together only by fear.

ONLY BY FEAR IS THE EURO HELD TOGETHER.

25. We can only understand this period of history if we learn about its religious roots.

ONLY IF WE LEARN ABOUT THIS PERIOD OF HISTORY’S RELIGIOUS ROOTS CAN WE UNDERSTAND IT.

26. The little girl could only see the Christmas Parade by sitting on her father’s shoulders.

ONLY BY SITTING ON HER FATHER’S SHOULDERS COULD THE LITTLE GIRL SEE THE CHRISTMAS PARADE.

27. Cyber warfare policy will only be developed after a catastrophic event has occurred.

ONLY AFTER A CATASTROPHIC EVENT HAS OCCURRED, WILL CYBER WARFARE POLICY BE DEVELOPED.

28. I didn’t realise I had left my umbrella in the classroom until I reached the school front door.

NOT UNTIL I REACHED THE SCHOOL FRONT DOOR DID I REALISE I HAD LEFT MY UMBRELLA IN THE CLASSROOM.

29. British economy will not be the biggest in Europe until 2050.

NOT UNTIL 2050 WILL BRITISH ECONOMY BE THE BIGGEST IN EUROPE.

30. You won’t go out until I say so!

NOT UNTIL I SAY SO WILL YOU GO OUT!

31. I can only relax when I am alone.

ONLY WHEN I AM ALONE CAN I RELAX.

32. Some teens only use the library when they have to do research on school projects.

ONLY WHEN THEY HAVE TO DO RESEARCH ON SCHOOL PROJECTS DO SOME TEENS USE THE LIBRARY.

33. Reforms should be carried out only when the NHS is ready.

ONLY WHEN THE NHS IS READY SHOULD REFORMS BE CARRIED OUT.

34. You will only understand the history of the region when you visit it.

ONLY WHEN YOU VISIT THE REGION WILL YOU UNDERSTAND ITS HISTORY.

35. Syria’s crisis can be settled only if the government lay down arms.

ONLY IF THE GOVERNMENT LAY DOWN ARMS CAN SYRIA’S CRISIS BE SETTLED.

36. You are only allowed to buy cigarettes if you are old enough.

ONLY IF YOU ARE OLD ENOUGH ARE YOU ALLOWED TO BUY CIGARETTES.

37. The government can only expropriate land if there is a genuine need.

ONLY IF THERE IS A GENUINE NEED CAN THE GOVERNMENT EXPROPRIATE LAND.

38. London Olympics will not start until 27th of July.

NOT UNTIL 27TH OF JULY WILL LONDON OLYMPICS START.

39. Mankind has not been denied so much knowledge as it does today since the destruction of the Library of Alexandria.

NOT SINCE THE DESTRUCTION OF THE LIBRARY OF ALEXANDRIA HAS MANKIND BEEN DENIED SO MUCH KNOWLEDGE.

40. So many election protesters had not been seen since the fall of the Soviet Union.

NOT SINCE THE FALL OF THE SOVIET UNION HAD SO MANY ELECTION PROTESTERS BEEN SEEN.

Before listening to the song, try to guess the missing words after reading their definitions at the bottom of the page

THE SOUNDS OF SILENCE

Hello darkness, my old friend,
I’ve come to talk with you again.
Because a vision __________  creeping
left its seeds while I was sleeping.
And the vision that was __________  in my brain
still remains within the sounds of silence.

In __________  dreams I walked alone
narrow streets of cobblestone,
´neath the __________  of a street lamp
I turned my collar to the cold and damp
when my eyes were stabbed
by the flash of the __________  light, that split the night
and touch the sounds of silence.

And in the naked light I saw
ten thousand people, maybe more.
People talking without speaking,
people hearing without listening.
People writing songs that voices never share
and no one dared disturb the sounds of silence.

´fools, ´ said I, ´you do not know
silence like a cancer grows.
Hear my words that I might teach you,
take my arms that I might reach you.´
but my words like silent __________  fell,
and echoed in the wells of silence.

And the people __________  and prayed
to the __________  god they made.
And the sign flashed out its __________
in the words that it was forming.
And the signs said the words of the prophets
are written on the __________  walls and tenement  halls.
And whispered in the sounds of silence.

Read the text and complete the chart below with a word from the list that comes after the text. Every word can only be used ONCE. There are five words that you do not need to use. Question 0 has been answered as an example.

NOISE REGULATIONS

The Control of Noise at Work Regulations 2005 came into 0) __________ for all industry sectors in Great Britain on 6 April 2006 (except for the music and entertainment sectors, which did on 6 April 2008).
The aim of the Noise Regulations is to 1) __________ that workers’ hearing is protected from excessive noise at their place of work, which could cause them to 2) __________ their hearing and/or to suffer from permanent ringing in the ears.
The level at which employers must 3) __________ hearing protection and hearing protection zones is now 85 decibels and the level at which employers must 4) __________ the risk to workers’ health and provide them with information and training is now 80 decibels. There is also an 5) __________ limit value of 87 decibels, taking account of any reduction provided by hearing protection, above which workers must not be exposed.
Background to the Noise Regulations
Both the 1989 and the 2005 sets of noise regulations are based on European Union Directives requiring similar basic laws 6) __________ the Union on protecting workers from the health risks caused by noise. They do not apply to members of the public exposed to noise from their non-work activities, or when they make an informed choice to go to 7) __________ places or from nuisance noise.
The 2005 Noise Regulations replace the 1989 Noise Regulations and introduce new 8) __________ for action to be taken by employers. For example, the 2005 Regulations require employers to take action to protect workers at levels of noise 5 decibels lower than in the 1989 Regulations and now require health 9) __________ (hearing checks) for workers regularly exposed above 85 decibels.
Many thousands of people are exposed to loud noise at work that may be a risk to their hearing. But 10) __________ with the Noise Regulations will allow workers’ hearing to be protected.
Adapted from: http://www.hse.gov.uk/noise/regulations.htm

ACCEPTANCE    EVERYWHERE    LOSE    REQUIREMENTS
ASSESS    EXPOSITION    NOISY    SCRUTINY
COMPLIANCE    EXPOSURE    OVER    SURVEILLANCE
ENSURE    FORCE    PROVIDE    THROUGHOUT

0    FORCE
1                    6
2                    7
3                    8
4                    9
5                    10

Read the following text and choose which of the sentences below fits into the numbered gaps. There are THREE  extra sentences which do not fit any of the gaps. Blank 0 has been answered as an example.

GETTING THINGS DONE

We all want to sail though life without anxiety, frustration or fear. But life isn’t like that. If we make our lives too comfortable, always avoiding unpleasant tasks, 0) __________. Because for one thing, those nasty, unpleasant jobs don’t go away when 1) __________. For another, whenever we try to avoid initial discomfort, we start to hate and fear anxieties and 2)__________. If we don’t go to the dentist with a slight toothache, we may end up suffering agonizing pain. We all know this and 3) __________. But how can we get ourselves into a positive frame of mind? We have to tell ourselves that we can stand the initial discomfort involved in doing a task right away. Although we may not like it, 4) __________ if we fear too much, we may end up restricting our lives to such an extent that eventually 5) __________. When we tell ourselves we can’t stand failing or being unpopular, we take even fewer risks and achieve even less. We can escape from these negative feelings if 6) __________. If, for example, we have a 5,000 word essay to write, we may not start at all because it is too daunting. But if we give ourselves ten minutes at the desk, we can at least make a start. Then we have already diminished the problem.
Taken from Fast Track to CAE ©Fiona Joseph and Peter Travis

A.    we become increasingly less able to cope with these feelings
B.    we break up difficult tasks into manageable chunks
C.    we can bear it
D.    we don’t do them
E.    we don’t like being told
F.    we end up causing ourselves more discomfort and anxiety
G.    we experience no excitement and joy because we fear risk and anxiety so much
H.    we know people may dislike us
I.    we make our wishes known
J.    we must give ourselves a reward for doing them

0    F

1
2
3
4
5
6

KEY

0 – F

1 – D

2 – A

3 – E

4 – C

5 – G

6 – B

1. Are there any people who get on your nerves? If so, why?
2. What job do you do? How did you get into it?
3. What is the best way to get around Santander?
4. Have you ever cheated in exams? Have you ever lied to your parents? Did you get away with it?
5. Is there anybody you seem not to be able to get through to?
6. If there were to be a 10% cut in salaries, do you think you would be able to get by?
7. What kind of things get you down?
8. Is there anyone you get on like a house on fire with?
9. Do you know anyone who always gets their own way? Tell your partner about a time when they did.
10. When was the last time you got the impression that someone was annoyed with you?
11. Do you have anything at home you would like to get rid of?
12. Have you ever got your own back on someone? If so, what did you do? What made you want to take revenge on him / her?

loan words

1. What does the term avant-garde generally refer to?

2. What adjectives are used in the video to qualify avant-garde art?

3. What did the military term originally mean?

4. When did the term ‘avant-garde’ start to be used to talk about innovative art?

5.  What does avant-garde art go against?

6. Why is Courbet’s Un enterrement à Ornans not avant-garde-looking to the modern viewer?

7. Why is the painting, however, considered avant-garde?

8. What was the public’s reaction to the painting?

9. What do we expect L’Éducation Sentimentale to be about after reading the title of the novel?

10. What are the main character’s failures?

11. When is there a peak in the avant-garde artistic activity?

12. What avant-garde movements are mentioned in the video?

13. What is the quintessential avant-garde movement?

14. Where was this movement born?

KEY

1.It refersto art, literature, music that works against convention.

2. strange, disconcerting, weird, innovative, oppositional.

3. Advanced guard /A group of soldiers that moved ahead of the main body of troups.

4. XIXth Century.

5. tradition / convention / the mainstream.

6. Because it is figurative (it is not abstract). It represents people and objects very clearly / because it is not difficult to figure out what is going on.

7. Because of its size and its massive scale. It represents an everyday life event rising to the level of a grand and monumentally history painting.

8. massive controversy.

9. about the education of a central character.

10. He doesn’t learn anything. He fails in his career, political ideas, in his love life.

11. Early XXth Century.

12. Fauve painting, cubism, Italian futurism.

13. Dada.

14. In Zurich.

7.